A kidney stone is a hard, crystalline mineral deposit that forms in the kidneys, often causing intense pain when it moves through the urinary tract. Kidney stones can vary in size, from small grains to large masses, and are typically composed of substances like calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or phosphate. The formation of kidney stones can occur due to dehydration, high levels of certain substances in the urine, urinary tract infections, or dietary factors. Symptoms of kidney stones include severe pain in the back or side, blood in the urine, frequent urination, and nausea or vomiting. In some cases, a stone may pass on its own without treatment, but larger stones may require medical intervention such as shock wave lithotripsy, which breaks the stone into smaller pieces, or surgery. Preventive measures for kidney stones include drinking plenty of fluids, reducing salt and oxalate-rich foods, and managing underlying conditions like obesity or gout. Early diagnosis and treatment can help alleviate symptoms and prevent recurrence of kidney stones.
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