Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) that play a crucial role in the immune system, particularly in response to parasitic infections and allergic reactions.
They are characterized by their bi-lobed nucleus and large granules that stain easily with eosin, a red dye used in histological studies. Eosinophils account for about 1-6% of the total white blood cell count in healthy individuals and are primarily found in tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and skin.
Eosinophils can be found in various body fluids, including:
1] Blood: Eosinophils are present in circulation and their levels can be measured through a complete blood count (CBC).
2] Sputum: In respiratory diseases, eosinophils can be evaluated in sputum samples to assess airway inflammation.
3] Urine: Eosinophils may appear in urine, particularly in conditions like acute interstitial nephritis.
4] Pleural and Peritoneal Fluid: Eosinophils can also be detected in fluid collected from the pleural or peritoneal cavities, often indicating specific pathologies.
A] Normal Ranges for Eosinophils in Body Fluids:
1] Blood: Normal eosinophil levels typically range from 0-500 cells per microliter of blood.
2] Sputum: Eosinophil counts greater than 3% of total cell count may indicate significant airway inflammation.
3] Urine: The presence of more than 1 eosinophil per HPF is often considered abnormal.
4] Pleural/Peritoneal Fluid: Eosinophils constituting more than 10% of total cell count may suggest specific pathologies.
B] High Eosinophil Counts
1] Allergic Conditions: Such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, or dermatitis.
2] Parasitic Infections: Increased eosinophil levels often correlate with helminthic infections.
3] Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like Churg-Strauss syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
C] Low Eosinophil Counts
1] Corticosteroid Use: These medications can suppress eosinophil production.
2] Acute Infections: Especially those caused by bacteria or viruses.
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Eosinophils can be counted and analyzed through microscopy after appropriate staining of the sample (e.g., Giemsa or Wright's stain) in blood, sputum, urine, and pleural or peritoneal fluids.
Yes, eosinophils circulate in the bloodstream, and their levels can be assessed through a complete blood count (CBC).
Testing for eosinophils is generally safe, especially when done through standard procedures like blood draws or urine collection. However, risks associated with sample collection, such as discomfort or bruising, may occur.
Eosinophils in sputum are significant for diagnosing and monitoring respiratory conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Increased eosinophil counts may suggest eosinophilic inflammation in the airways.
